Specifically, the state of the environment in the Asia Pacific region is at a boiling point, warned the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific in its 2005 report, stressing that the region is already "living beyond its ecological carrying capacity".

The United Nations Global Economic Outlook reports in 2007 that major threats in the Asia Pacific region are insufficient food supply, urban air quality, fresh water stress, degraded ecosystems, agricultural land use, increased waste, extinction of species and climate change.

As the region emerges as a global production center, pollution from export-oriented production drastically increased as well, placing tremendous pressure on the environment. Being naturally abundant with natural resources, the region has been a natural target for big corporations for natural resources extraction and exploitation to amass super profits. As a matter of fact, highly polluting industries are expanding at a rapid rate in the region, including water and energyintensive industries such as crude steel, chemicals, transport equipment, rubber, petroleum, rubber products and agroindustry which is chemical intensive as well. Changes in lifestyle and consumption led to new wastes such as plastics, PET bottles and e-wastes.

As a result, the United Nations report that more than 60 per cent of Asia's mangroves have been converted into aquaculture farms. Biological resources have been exploited for trade. As intensive agriculture depletes water resources, the quality of the little that is available is being heavily polluted largely by industries. Water extraction rates in at least 16 countries are unsustainable. Deforestation led to sedimentation in the rivers and reservoirs. Air pollution levels in some cities are among the highest in the world. Natural forests are retreating in Southeast Asia. Fish consumption has tripled as fish stock has drastically decreased due to subsidies that create excess fishing capacity, estimated at 250 per cent more than the ocean's sustainable production level.

The impact of overexploitation of the earth's natural resources is greatest on the poor and marginalized. Peasants, workers, fisherfolk, and indigenous communities suffer the most from resource depletion and environmental degradation. If unsolved, billions of people in the developing world will be at great risk.

Thus, the Asia Pacific Research Network saw the urgency to focus on environmental protection, preservation and sustainable utilization as opposed to the current trend of corporatization of natural resources. Particularly, APRN recognized the need to strengthen awareness among social movements and grassroots organizations about environmental degradation and their responsibility and capacity to effect change. In addition, the network recognized the urgency to consolidate the efforts of all stakeholders in pushing for people's sovereignty on natural resources to solve the environmental crisis, which is integral to addressing the twin issues of development in the context of a looming energy crisis.

The APRN held its 2007 Annual Conference to revolve around the theme People and Planet over Profits, with a particular intent on promoting the People's Sovereignty on Natural Resources, from 23-25 October in Bangkok, Thailand.

Specifically, the conference aimed to:

1. Achieve a common understanding of the issue of natural resources overexploitation in the context of corporate globalization in its different areas, contexts and forms;
2. Develop researches into various aspects of the issue of natural resources and promote coordination on research and information sharing in these aspects;
3. Bring different stakeholders on the issue of natural resources into a common discussion to build a policy advocacy platform based on the principle of people and planet over profit to stop overexploitation by corporations promoted by policies of corporate globalization; and
4. Explore possible international alternative people-powered mechanisms for protecting the environment in the framework of sustainable utilization of natural resources for the benefit of the community.

II. Organizing the Workshop

A. Organizing Committee

The APRN is a network of 50 research organizations and networks. It has been doing significant work on issues such as trade, debt, financing for development, peace and security, gender, food and agriculture, migration, labor, transnational corporations, regional cooperation and human rights among others. The APRN sees these issues both as a challenge and an opportunity for cooperative research and in raising the level of social awareness, advocacy and growth of social movements across the region.

APRN works in five thematic streams, one of which is natural resources. Its secretariat is based in Manila, Philippines.

Co-organizers of the workshop are the Sustainable Development Foundation (SDF) and the NGO Coordinating Committee on Development (Thai NGO COD) which are both APRN members based in Bangkok, Thailand.

B. Keynotes/Workshops

The 3-day conference was intended to be organized as a people's convention, covering three main themes: land and genetic resources, freshwater and marine resources, and forest and mineral resources.

The keynote speeches would set the framework with which the conference would be organized. The conference was so designed as to have centralized plenary sessions in the morning for indepth discussions and analyses of the issues and problems at the global level (i.e. multilateral/ bilateral trading agreements, etc.) and on the ground. Simultaneous stand-along workshops organized by APRN members and other affiliated organizations were designed to be held in the afternoons. The workshops would be a venue for presentations of researches on the specific workshop topics that have been identified by the APRN Board of Conveners and local hosts to be prepared for the Conference.

C. Participants

A total of 150 participants were targeted, with around 75 coming from Thailand and border areas, and 75 from Asia Pacific and other global regions. A large percentage of the expected participants are APRN members and their affiliates, although the Conference will be open to the general public.

The objective insofar as participation to the conference was concerned was to come up with a mix of participants and resource persons from the different global regions with a range of practical experience, academic preparation and exposure on the subject for strengthened global solidarity and for a more comprehensive and insightful sharing of ideas and experiences among the advocates.

III. Actual Workshop

A. Number and Profile of Participants

The participant turn-out exceeded the targeted number. A total of 170 participants attended the conference. Of this figure, 64 were APRN members, 85 were Thais and the rest were from other organizations from Thailand and other countries. Non-APRN participants were mostly representatives of environmental and people's organizations.

B. Keynotes

The keynote speeches on Day 1 were given by Dr. John Ungpakorn, Chairperson of the Thai NGO-COD and Ms. Wahu Kaara, Chairperson of Kenya Debt Relief Network (KENDREN).

The keynote speeches focused on the systematic plunder of natural resources especially in developing countries by large agro-industrial transnational corporations usually working in partnership with governments and local corporations. The keynote speeches also stressed the need to consolidate efforts among the people to push for a sustainable path towards development.

C. Panel Discussions

There were two panel discussions daily on each main theme, followed by a short open forum. The resource persons for each panel had presentation papers on their assigned topics which greatly aided the audience in following the thread. [see attached Program]

D. Workshops

APRN provided modest grants in support of the researches/case studies of organizations that have been specifically identified to prepared relevant studies on the main themes. These researches were presented through workshops held in the afternoons. In addition, the papers were bound and included in the conference kit.

There were 17 workshops during the conference [see attached Program for the list of workshop topics]. Each workshop came up with a synthesized report with the following points: main points of discussion, proposals, key conclusions, resolutions and plans. The rapporteur from each workshop reported back the workshop outputs in the plenary to sound-off the learnings and flag key issues raised and resolutions arrived at in each workshop group.

One significant workshop outcome is the workshop on Climate Change and Trade organized by AidWatch. Participants from the said workshop came up with resolutions to address the climate change problem, including the call for a People's Protocol on Climate Change as an alternative to the Kyoto I and which should be included in the drawing up of Kyoto II. The resolutions were presented during the plenary, wherein the body unanimously endorsed the need for a People's Protocol on Climate Change. This now provided the APRN with the mandate to actively pursue its advocacy on climate change, including plans to develop the People's Protocol as a broad campaigning platform for grassroots organizations and civil society in general.

The synthesized reports were submitted to the Secretariat for inclusion in an upcoming conference publication, together with the keynote speeches and panel presentations.

IV. Evaluation

As each day was packed with workshops and other activities, there was little time left for each participant to evaluate the conference. However, feedbacks were gathered from a significant number of participants and a general assessment was conducted by the secretariat and the APRN Board of Conveners.

A. Administrative and Logistics

The conference was held in a four-star hotel which became a minor issue at first because it did not allow for an atmosphere that was more conducive and less intimidating for interaction with the participants during the plenary, workshops and after-sessions. However, the venue proved to be comfortable, accessible and convenient as the conference venue, workshop rooms, dining hall and accommodations are in one building. The conference was held in this hotel upon the suggestion and recommendation by the local Thai hosts because of its relatively cheap rates and its accessibility to establishments such as banks, shops and transportation.

The plenary and the workshops had ample support from a team of professional translators, allowing for Thai participants to interact effectively with the English-speaking participants. The bound materials which contain the researches, keynote speeches and panel discussions, albeit incomplete because of some late submissions, proved helpful for participants.

The conference was properly and sufficiently documented through videos, pictures, recorders and documenters.

B. Objectives and Content

Based from participants' feedbacks, the objectives of the Conference proved clear, defined and very timely, given the growing concern globally on the state of environment and climate change. The concept of promoting people's sovereignty on natural resources as an alternative sustainable model to corporate-led development was introduced to some, and was further clarified and validated with other participants.

The Conference provided the venue for meaningful exchange of insights and experience, aside from clarifying the framework with which to view emerging issues on natural resources, including promoting a pro-poor and pro-South appreciation and analysis of the climate change issue, i.e. it is ultimately a question of people asserting their sovereignty and right to development.

C. Methodology

The speeches and panel discussions proved insightful. Although the time for the open forum was limited, the conference materials provided and the workshops were more than enough to clarify points on the issues highlighted during the conference. The idea of giving the research organizations a free hand in organizing their respective workshops allowed for creativity and diversity. In addition, the idea of break out groups allowed for freedom for the participants to choose whatever workshop they would want to attend. In this way, they can focus on issues they are closely working on or would like to work on and thus, allow for a more productive and insightful sharing of information and experiences.

To sum up, the objectives of the workshop were met. All the workshops and panel discussions were held as designed. The resolutions/workshop outputs were very interesting. The conference highlighted the urgent issues around natural resources.

The conference became an important venue for experience sharing and cooperation not only on environmental issues but other urgent issues as well among the organizations, individuals and other development organizations. The participation of advocates from Africa and other global regions proved helpful in coming up with a comprehensive and more holistic sharing of ideas and experiences.

Booths were set up outside the conference hall wherein participants were able to display their materials and other resources for free distribution.

There were also after-session side events organized by APRN members and their affiliates. For instance, the APRN Natural Resources stream group was able to meet and identified five topics to conduct coordinated researches on in the coming years: Special Economic Zoness, low-impact aquaculture, international financial institution (IFI) policies in fisheries, sharing of cost-benefit impact research on natural resources and documentation of activities in different countries.

Organizations working on labor and public services were also able to coordinate.

As stated earlier, one significant outcome of the workshop is the mandate provided to actively pursue advocacy for a People's Protocol on Climate Change. Out of the resolutions from the workshop, IBON and AidWatch (both APRN members) took the lead in drafting a People's Protocol on Climate Change which served to highlight key issues and guide discussions among the people from all corners of the world to come up with a more comprehensive and refined People's Protocol on Climate Change.

As a result, APRN, IBON, AidWatch and other Indonesian grassroots organizations participated in campaigning for the People's Protocol during the Bali Climate Change meetings from December 3-14, 2007. Aside from holding a workshop inside the UNFCCC on trade, agrofuels and climate change, APRN and some organizations who attended the Natural Resources conference organized a series of workshops, press conferences and protest actions for the People's Protocol on Climate Change. The campaign on the People's Protocol is being developed to become a full-blown campaign, and has in fact started a global sign-on with the draft protocol being translated into several languages already.

Annex 1

Conference on People's Sovereignty on Natural Resources
October 23-25, 2007 Bangkok,
Thailand

Annex 2

List of Participants

Annex 4

Statement on the Kyoto Protocol and Climate Change

The planet is experiencing a climate crisis of catastrophic proportions. Drastic action is required to reverse the situation. Global temperatures have increased twice as fast in the last 50 years as over the last century and will rise even faster in the coming decades. Eleven of the last twelve years (1995-2006) are among the 12 warmest years on record. This is disrupting weather patterns, severely damaging the environment, and destroying lives and livelihoods - especially of the poorest and most vulnerable. There have already been high-profile schemes for concerted action and co-operation to combat global warming. This includes the landmark 1992 Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) and the succeeding Kyoto Agreement. Yet the problem has not been stemmed or much less reversed, indeed it has worsened as the limited targets and timelines set by the Kyoto Protocol have made no headway in reducing global emissions.

Significantly, the Kyoto Protocol does not truly involve grassroots communities and peoples who are worst-affected, especially in the South. It has grossly neglected the severe damage to their livelihoods, well-being and welfare. It does not consistently and coherently adhere to the vital developmental principles, especially people's sovereignty over natural resources.

We recognize that the Kyoto process:

1. has not allowed sufficient voice for the concerns of those communities in the global south which will suffer the worst impacts of climate change;
2. has to date failed to have a significant impact on reducing global emissions;
3. does not currently provide for sufficient binding targets or measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in line with the 2 degree target prescribed by the science as necessary to avoid runaway global warming;
4. has not provided a mechanism to facilitate the transfer of compensatory adaptation financing of the scale required by communities in the global south to prevent further impoverishment due to the adverse ways in which they are, and will increasingly be impacted by global warming;
5. does not provide sufficient mechanisms to ensure that efforts to combat global warming will not have a disproportionate negative impact on countries and communities in the global south;
6. continues to promote market-based solutions to climate change which prioritize growth and profits above the needs of the planet and its people; and to this end
7. does not address the necessity of bringing about genuine people's sovereignty over natural resources which must be fundamental to the process of preventing runaway climate change

In light of these crucial failings of the current international efforts to address climate change, we declare the need to develop a People's Protocol on Climate Change, a draft copy of which is attached below, with the purpose of:

1. providing the space for those peoples who will be worst impacted by climate change and yet to date have been excluded from the Kyoto process to voice their views on the current efforts to combat global warming; and
2. to highlight the key issues which must be meaningfully addressed in international efforts to confront the climate crisis

The People's Protocol on Climate Change will be finalized and ratified through a grand People's Assembly spearheaded by the Asian Peasant Coalition, Pesticide Action Network International, Coalition of Agricultural Workers International and the People's Coalition on Food Sovereignty as a parallel activity during the Copenhagen 2009 climate change meetings.

People's Protocol on Climate Change (draft)

Preamble

The planet is experiencing a climate crisis of catastrophic proportions. Drastic action is required to reverse the situation. Global temperatures have increased twice as fast in the last 50 years as over the last century and will rise even faster in the coming decades. Eleven of the last twelve years (1995-2006) are among the 12 warmest years on record. This is disrupting weather patterns, severely damaging the environment, and destroying lives and livelihoods - especially of the poorest and most vulnerable.

This dangerous climatic change is driven by the unprecedented increase in human-generated greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The most dangerous increase is in CO2 emissions from the ever-mounting burning of fossil fuels for industry, commerce, transport and militarism. The planet's capacity to process these emissions has also been crippled by widespread deforestation. As a result, the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is now far higher than its natural range over the last 650,000 years. Concentrations of methane and nitrous oxide, again caused by human industry and agriculture have also increased dramatically and are also implicated in causing global warming.

Climate Change will be universally adverse for the world's people with greater and more frequent extremes of heat and rainfall patterns as well as tropical cyclones, typhoons and hurricanes. Africa, Asia and Latin America face shorter growing seasons, lower yields, lost or deteriorated agricultural land, decreased agricultural production and freshwater shortages. Droughts in Africa will bring widespread hunger and famine. Asia is already confronting flooding, avalanches and landslides, which will increase illness and death. In Latin America, higher temperatures and reduced biodiversity in tropical forests will devastate indigenous communities. Globally, rising sea levels will flood low-lying areas, increased storm surges will threaten coastal communities, and warmer sea waters will diminish fish stocks.

The last centuries have been heralded for great strides in technology, production and human progress - but these advances have precipitated global ecological and development disasters. On one hand a privileged global elite engages in reckless profit-driven production and grossly excessive consumption. On the other hand, the mass of humanity is mired in underdevelopment and poverty with merely survival and subsistence consumption, or even less. The world's largest transnational corporations (TNCs) based mainly in the Northern countries and with expanding operations in the South, have long been at the forefront of these excesses. Indeed the powerful industrialized nations of today were built on the severe exploitation of the human and natural resources of the global South. The pursuit of growth and profit is at the core of exploitation, structural poverty and global warming. There have already been high-profile schemes for concerted action and co-operation to combat global warming. This includes the landmark 1992 Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) and the succeeding Kyoto Agreement. Yet the problem has not been stemmed or much less reversed, indeed it has worsened as the limited targets and timelines set by the Kyoto Protocol have made no headway. Importantly, the Kyoto Protocol does not decisively acknowledge the real roots of climate change - globalization and the mad pursuit of TNCs for profits.

Instead, Kyoto has diminished responsibility and accountability for the climate crisis through the marketization of energy resources and supply. The offsets and emissions trading system transfers adjustment costs from rich to poor, creates new dependencies, rewards corporations for polluting and increases their opportunities for profits. Northern TNCs and investors have sustained and even increased their energy intensive operations through relocation to Southern countries, capturing and co-opting local elites into the destructive process of capitalist-dominated production and consumption.

Significantly, the Kyoto Protocol does not truly involve grassroots communities and peoples who are worst-affected, especially in the South. It has grossly neglected the severe damage to their livelihoods, well-being and welfare. It does not consistently and coherently adhere to the vital developmental principles, especially people's sovereignty over natural resources.

The gravity, scope and depth of the problem demand the greatest collective effort and cooperation. No peoples or state can succeed alone in addressing the root causes of the problem. At the same time, stabilizing greenhouse gas emissions today will not immediately impact on rising global temperatures since climate processes involve-long time scales and a global responsibility must be taken for the immediate and negative impacts that will be felt by the poor and marginalized.

This declaration articulates the values and principles that should guide international action and people's struggles against climate change and its associated ecological and socioeconomic destruction.

Statement of values and principles

We, the people, are united behind certain core development values and principles of social justice, democracy, equality and equity, gender fairness, respect for human rights and dignity, respect for the environment, sovereignty, freedom, liberation and self-determination, stewardship, social solidarity, participation and empowerment. This statement further articulates these principles in the context of the global climate crisis.

1. Social Justice must be guaranteed, acknowledging the systemic roots of the climate crisis, the disproportionate responsibility of a narrow elite, the disproportionate vulnerability of the majority to the adverse effects, the grossly uneven capacity to confront and respond, and the legitimate aspirations to development of the people apart from the crisis.
   1. We emphasize that Climate Change must be understood not merely as an environmental issue but as a question of social justice, its causes are rooted in the current capitalist-dominated global economy which is principally driven by the relentless drive for private profits and accumulation.
   2. We stress that the current global economic order, driven by the Global North and their transnational corporations is the fundamental origin of over-exploitation and depletion of resources, of the gratuitous use of energy resources and the excessive release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
   3. We thus condemn "free market" policies of "globalization", and its aggressive and intrusive expansion into every sector of the economy and into the global South, and the exploitation by TNCs of the people and the planet.
   4. We firmly believe that these neoliberal policies are imposed particularly on the people of the global South by powerful foreign governments wielding influence through multilateral, regional and bilateral mechanisms such as World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements, regional and bilateral free trade agreements (FTAs), investment agreements and aid conditionalities.
   5. We recognize that a very significant part of supposedly "Southern" emissions actually result from the energy-intensive operations of Northern TNCs located in the South for the purposes of exploiting local labor and natural resources. We further acknowledge that the severe deforestation across Latin America, Asia and Africa is most of all due to Northern TNC-driven commercial logging, plantation agriculture, mining activities and dam projects
2. Sovereignty means asserting the power of the people through their social movements and genuinely participatory structures as the foundation of the global response to the climate change issue.
   1. We stress the vital importance and essential role of communities and peoples that will be most adversely affected by climate change in defining, guiding and determining the work of any and all major conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields at the local, national, regional and global levels.
   2. We commit to spare no efforts in strengthening civil society and social movements and, especially, the people's organizations and struggles that are the indispensable foundations and most dynamic driving force of these. We affirm that people's sovereignty of natural resources is indispensable to dealing with the problem of climate change and that this must be won in struggle.
   3. We are aware that people in both the global North and, especially, the South are excluded from participation in governance with the unfortunate result that powerful private elite and corporate interests exert far greater influence over socioeconomic policy-making.
3. Respect for the Environment means a rejection of market mechanisms that impose the cash nexus on ecological priorities. The needs of the planet and its people must take precedent over the push for growth and profits.
   1. We recognize that nature is vital for the survival of all and that natural resources and their use are essential for sustained economic growth, sustainable human development, and the elimination of poverty, illhealth and hunger. We are committed to building societies where the people enjoy all human rights and fundamental freedoms, and in a way that the world we create does not unjustly deny the same for future generations.
   2. We assert that the needs of people and planet must be placed above those of global capital and the wholesale pursuit of private profits. The planet's resources must never be reduced to being assigned property rights that can be bought, sold, accumulated and monopolized by a few for the sake of private gain.
   3. We believe that population growth increases humanity's demands on nature but that the resources of the planet are sufficient to meet these demands if only production, resource-use and consumption are organized to meet the needs of the people for life and not of a select few for profits.
4. Responsibility, expressed in the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, requires a mechanism for globally-inclusive equity. Northern countries share a disproportionate responsibility for historic emissions.
   1. We acknowledge the greater vulnerability of poor and marginalized communities to the adverse effects of climate change.
   2. We recognize that there are elite segments of society whose current levels of consumption are grossly excessive and cannot and should not be maintained, even as those large populations globally who are denied basic needs should have these met. These elite segments of society must bear the greatest responsibility for the climate crisis.
   3. We recognize that there are large parts of humanity who are more dependent for their survival on their access to and use of natural resources, as well as on the state of the climate and the natural environment. We then stress that the specific needs of farming communities, indigenous peoples, coastal communities, fisherfolk, and other marginalized, poor and rural producers need to be given special attention in all adaptation efforts.
   4. We acknowledge that adaptation is not acceptance of climate change but is necessary to provide temporary relief from the initial impacts of climate change until global mitigation efforts are sufficiently developed to halt global warming.

Statement of goals and purposes

1. We acknowledge climate change as a multifaceted issue and that the score of interlinked challenges and threats therefore need to be confronted in an integrated and coordinated manner if any real progress is to be achieved.
2. We declare our commitment to the significant and far-reaching reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in line with our core values and principles.
3. We further declare our willingness to work for and support any international climate change agreement that is consistent with these essential foundations.
4. We believe that the climate change crisis is not simply about adaptation and mitigation, but changing the whole economic framework into one of eco-sufficiency and sustainability.
5. We assert that Kyoto represents a false compromise and commit to redressing the fundamental weaknesses of the Kyoto agreement in any new protocol or post 2012 agreement.
   1. We reject market-based mechanisms to address climate change as diversionary and designed to perpetuate current levels of economic activity and profits, if not brazen maneuvering by corporations to pass on the burden of dealing with the negative effects of their greenhouse gas emissions to the people of the global south.
   2. We acknowledge that technological developments can play a role in addressing the climate change issue but are conscious that technological fixes in themselves are not just grossly insufficient but even used to divert from the need to address root causes.
6. We are convinced that human progress and the defense of the livelihoods, well-being and welfare of the people ultimately require an economic system that is socially just, democratic and ecologically sustainable. This includes people-oriented agricultural and industrial development.
7. We declare that in order to address the climate crisis, the people must have real stewardship, access and control over the natural resources on which they depend rather than TNCs, international financial institutions or even governments which represent the narrow private interests of a global elite and their local collaborators. In sodoing we assert people's sovereignty over natural resources.
8. To this end, we shall work for:
   1. National ownership over the nation's resources and productive assets;
   2. Community-level management and decision-making supported by national-level authority or publiccommunity partnership in the utilization and conservation of these resources;
   3. Transparency in decision-making and disposition of revenues raised from the extraction, processing and sale of products derived from nature;
   4. A comprehensive national policy framework for economic diversification and for meeting the collective needs of the present and future generations, especially the poor and marginalized in society;
   5. A national program for research and development on sustainable technologies including recycling methods, renewable energy and other alternatives to unsustainable means of production;
   6. Education on ecology and socially responsible consumption; and
   7. Cooperative arrangements with other countries in the stewardship of global commons or shared resources such as oceans, rivers, forests and the climate.
9. We affirm the importance of grassroots education, organizing and mobilizations to promote and realize our alternative vision and program for social transformation. We retain our vigilance even where governments have expressed support for a progressive agenda, and hold them accountable through popular participation and mobilization. We are ever critical of attempts to compromise the interests of the majority and the marginalized.
10. We commit to building on the powerful networks of movements for climate action that have emerged worldwide. Localized actions against greenhouse gas emissions have spread across the globe and deepened everyday development struggles.
11. We acknowledge the supportive role of adaptation funding for Southern countries to help deal with the problem climate change, affirm that the far greater responsibility of the North in the current climate crisis means that it must bear a far greater proportion of the funding responsibility. We decry the fiasco of the supposed global adaptation fund which was allotted insignificant funding, and criticize efforts such as those by the World Bank (WB) to use adaptation funding to distract from the overriding need to address the roots of the climate change problem. We stress that adaptation funding must be over and above traditional allotments for overseas development assistance (ODA).
12. We assert that restorative justice requires distribution of responsibility according to historical per capita emissions, not just on a by country basis but more significantly on a by polluter basis. The greatest burden of adjustment must be on the Northern countries and their TNCs (wherever these are located), as well as on Southern elites, who have caused and benefited the most from the damage. We further assert that this absolutely requires, at the very minimum, Northern commitments and concrete practice to:
    1. Drastically reduce overall energy use and increase energy efficiency;
    2. Increase unconditional financial compensation to directly address the climate crisis in the South; and
    3. Overhaul international trade and investment rules towards sustainable development and improvements in the standard of living in the South, including also an end to the real or effective transfer of Northern polluting industries to the South.
13. We recognise the need for significant global GHG emissions reductions in both the Northern and Southern countries. We assert that action on climate change can only succeed if it addresses southern emissions, and this requires mechanisms for large scale compensatory financing from the global north to global south. Specifically this should entail the creation of a global mitigation fund, contributed to by the global north, and in particular northern TNCs.

Annex 5

Pictures

Participants line up for registration on Day 1

A total of 170 participants attended the APRN Natural Resources Conference, Bangkok, Thailand

A number of Thai translators were available during the plenary and workshops

Participants were allowed the freedom to choose workshops

Participants interacting during breaks they prefer to participate in

Participants getting free materials provided by other participants during the conference

The whole conference was sufficiently documented through daily pictures, videos and sound recorders

Each participant was given ID and was asked to register

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